The invention discloses a sparse scanning structure illumination super-resolution imaging system and method based on light field rotation. The system includes an illumination unit, a scanning rotation unit, a microscopic imaging unit, a control unit and a super-resolution reconstruction unit, wherein the illumination The unit is used to configure light intensity and frequency and emit parallel light beams under the control of the control unit; the scanning and rotating unit is used to scan and rotate the parallel light beam to form sparse stripe structured light with different directions and different phase shifts; the microscopic imaging unit is used to collect the original fluorescence images excited by sparse stripe structured light in different directions and different phase shifts at different axial slice positions of the sample; the control unit is used for synchronously controlling the illumination unit, the scanning rotation unit and the microscopic imaging unit The super-resolution reconstruction unit performs super-resolution reconstruction on all original fluorescence images to obtain a three-dimensional super-resolution image of the sample. The invention can realize high-quality three-dimensional super-resolution imaging of thick samples